Teratogenic effect of cytomegalovirus

DOI

https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2023.49

Lavrukhina М.А., Kasyanova G.V.
1) N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia; 2) Lapino-1 Clinical Hospital, Mother and Child Group of Companies, Moscow, Russia

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) often causes malformations and pathology of fetal organs; its rate ranges from 0.2 to 2.2%. The likelihood of vertical transmission increases as gestation progresses. The severity of the consequences for the newborn is inversely proportional to the gestational age in case of infection. There are three forms: clinical (moderate and severe, mild and isolated hearing loss), subclinical and complications of congenital CMVI. Early infection, primary CMVI in the mother are the conditions that increase the risk of symptoms in newborns. The clinical form of CMVI develops in 10% of cases and leads to more severe fetal pathologies. Since cytomegalovirus has a tropicity for the cells of the nervous and reticuloendothelial systems, it most often causes sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmological complications, and cerebral pathology. Cytomegalovirus can affect the liver causing jaundice, ascites; gastrointestinal tract causing necrotizing enterocolitis, spontaneous perforation of the intestine, intestinal malrotation; respiratory system causing cytomegalovirus pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotic fibrosing pneumonitis; cardiovascular system. It can lead to a decrease in fetal body weight and length. The long-term consequences of congenital CMVI are autism and mental retardation.
Conclusion: Cytomegalovirus is transmitted to the fetus transplacentally. The severity of the fetal pathology directly depends on the gestational age when the infection occurs: malformations develop if the fetus is infected in the first trimester; target organ pathology occurs in the later period of gestation. Antenatal and postnatal infection leads to the development of CMVI which is not classified as a congenital infection. It causes the damage to internal organs and systems that manifest in the neonatal period.

Authors’ contributions: Lavrukhina M.A. – writing the text; Kasyanova G.V. – editing the article.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no possible conflicts of interest.
Funding: The study was conducted without sponsorship.
For citation: Lavrukhina М.А., Kasyanova G.V. Teratogenic effect of cytomegalovirus.
Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2023; (9): 34-42 (in Russian)
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2023.49

congenital cytomegalovirus infection

fetal malformations

neurologi-cal pathology

sensorineural hearing loss

chorioretinitis

autism

cerebellar cysts

necrotizing enterocolitis

malrotation

spontaneous intestinal perforation

cytomegalovirus pneumonia

lung cysts

heart defects

Full text (in Russian)

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Received 27.02.2023

Accepted 31.08.2023

Maria A. Lavrukhina, 5th year student, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, +7(977)575-80-18,
maria.alexandrovna05@mail.ru, 117997, Russia, Moscow, Ostrovityanova str., 1.
Galina V. Kasyanova, PhD, Lapino-1 Clinical Hospital "Mother and Child" Group of Companies, 143081, Russia, Moscow region, Odintsovo city district, Lapino village,
1st Uspenskoe shosse, 111.

Teratogenic effect of cytomegalovirus

Lavrukhina М.А., Kasyanova G.V.

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