The use of extracellular vesicles in aesthetic gynecology

1. Moiseeva E.O., Kozhevnikova D.D., Yashchenok A.M., Sergeev I.S., Alentov I.I., Gorin D.A. et al. Surface modification of cellulose acetate membrane for fabrication of microfluidic platforms for express extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy. Microchemical Journal. 2025; 208: 112388. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.112388
2. Zhdanova D.Y., Bobkova N.V., Chaplygina A.V., Svirshchevskaya E.V., Poltavtseva R.A., Vodennikova A.A. et al. Effect of small extracellular vesicles produced by mesenchymal stem cells on 5xFAD mice hippocampal cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025; 26(9): 4026. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094026
3. Kepsha M.A., Timofeeva A.V., Chernyshev V.S., Silachev D.N., Mezhevitinova E.A., Sukhikh G.T. MicroRNA-based liquid biopsy for cervical cancer diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024; 25(24): 13271. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413271
4. Pan Z., Sun W., Chen Y., Tang H., Lin W., Chen J. et al. Extracellular vesicles in tissue engineering: biology and engineered strategy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2022; 11(21): e2201384. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202201384
5. Marcus M.E., Leonard J.N. FedExosomes: engineering therapeutic biological nanoparticles that truly deliver. Pharm. (Basel). 2013; 6(5): 659-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph6050659
6. Cheng J., Zhao Z.W., Wen J.R., Wang L., Huang L.W., Yang Y.L. et al. Status, challenges, and future prospects of stem cell therapy in pelvic floor disorders. World J. Clin. Cases. 2020; 8(8): 1400-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1400
7. Lee Y., El Andaloussi S., Wood M.J. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012; 21(R1): R125-34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds317
8. Golchin A. Cell-based therapy for severe COVID-19 patients: clinical trials and cost-utility. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2021; 17(1): 56-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10046-1
9. Pulido-Escribano V., Camacho-Cardenosa M., Dorado G., Quesada-Gómez J.M., Calañas-Continente A., Gálvez-Moreno M.Á. et al. The use of plant-derived extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine applied to cutaneous wound healing. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(12): 1531. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121531
10. Moghaddam Z.S., Dehghan A., Halimi S., Najafi F., Nokhostin A., Naeini A.E. et al. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: bridging pathogen biology and therapeutic innovation. Acta Biomater. 2025; 200: 1-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2025.05.028
11. Karnas E., Dudek P., Zuba-Surma E. Stem cell- derived extracellular vesicles as new tools in regenerative medicine – immunomodulatory role and future perspectives. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1120175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120175
12. Zhai M., Zhu Y., Yang M., Mao C. Human mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes enhance cell-free bone regeneration by altering their miRNAs profiles. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2020; 7(19): 2001334. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001334
13. Yoshida M., Satoh A., Lin J. B., Mills K. F., Sasaki Y., Rensing N. et al. Extracellular vesicle-contained eNAMPT delays aging and extends lifespan in mice. Cell. Metab. 2019; 30(2): 329-42.e5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.015
14. Li D., Wu N. Mechanism and application of exosomes in the wound healing process in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2022; 187: 109882. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109882
15. Han G., Kim H., Kim D.E., Ahn Y., Kim J., Jang Y.J. et al. The potential of bovine colostrum-derived exosomes to repair aged and damaged skin cells. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(2): 307. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020307
16. Liu Y., Xue L., Gao H., Chang L., Yu X., Zhu Z. et al. Exosomal miRNA derived from keratinocytes regulates pigmentation in melanocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2019; 93(3): 159-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.02.001
17. Bae I.S., Kim S.H. Milk exosome-derived MicroRNA-2478 suppresses melanogenesis through the akt-gsk3β pathway. Cells. 2021; 10(11): 2848. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10112848
18. Li Z.Q., Kong L., Liu C., Xu H.G. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate IL-1β-induced annulus fibrosus cell damage. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2020; 360(6): 693-700. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2020.07.025
19. Liu Y., Xue L., Gao H., Chang L., Yu X., Zhu Z. et al. Exosomal miRNA derived from keratinocytes regulates pigmentation in melanocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2019; 93(3): 159-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.02.001
20. Wang L., Hu L., Zhou X., Xiong Z., Zhang C., Shehada H.M.A. et al. Exosomes secreted by human adipose mesenchymal stem cells promote scarless cutaneous repair by regulating extracellular matrix remodelling. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7(1): 13321. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12919-x
21. Qi J., Liu Q., Reisdorf R.L., Boroumand S., Behfar A., Moran S.L. et al. Characterization of a purified exosome product and its effects on canine flexor tenocyte biology. J. Orthop. Res. 2020; 38(8): 1845-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.24587
22. Zifkos K., Dubois C., Schafer K. Extracellular vesicles and thrombosis: Update on the clinical and experimental evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22(17): 9317. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179317
23. Chamberlain C.S., Kink J.A., Wildenauer L.A., McCaughey M., Henry K., Spiker A.M. et al. Exosome-educated macrophages and exosomes differentially improve ligament healing. Stem Cells. 2021; 39(1): 55-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.3291
24. Das A., Mohan V., Krishnaswamy V.R., Solomonov I., Sagi I. Exosomes as a storehouse of tissue remodeling proteases and mediators of cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2019; 38(3): 455-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-019-09813-5
25. An Y., Lin S., Tan X., Zhu S., Nie F., Zhen Y. et al. Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells and application to skin wound healing. Cell. Prolif. 2021; 54(3): e12993. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpr.12993
26. Gartz M., Darlington A., Afzal M.Z., Strande J.L. Exosomes exert cardioprotection in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes via ERK1/2-p38/MAPK signaling. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1): 16519. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34879-6
27. Geng H.Y., Feng Z.J., Zhang J.J., Li G.Y. Exosomal CLIC1 released by CLL promotes HUVECs angiogenesis by regulating ITGβ1‐MAPK/ERK axis. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 2021; 37(3): 226-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/kjm2.12287
28. He X., Dong Z., Cao Y., Wang H., Liu S., Liao L. et al. MSC-derived exosome promotes M2 polarization and enhances cutaneous wound healing. Stem Cells Int. 2019; 2019: 1-16: 7132708. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7132708
29. Zhang J., Guan J., Niu X., Hu G., Guo S., Li Q. et al. Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis. J. Transl. Med. 2015; 13: 49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0417-0
30. Shabbir A., Cox A., Rodriguez-Menocal L., Salgado M., Van Badiavas E. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes induce proliferation and migration of normal and chronic wound fibroblasts, and enhance angiogenesis in vitro. Stem Cells Dev. 2015; 24(14): 1635-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/scd.2014.0316
31. Zhao B., Li X., Shi X., Shi X., Zhang W., Wu G. et al. Exosomal MicroRNAs derived from human amniotic epithelial cells accelerate wound healing by promoting the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Stem Cells Int. 2018; 2018: 5420463. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5420463
32. Ma T., Fu B., Yang X., Xiao Y., Pan M. Adipose mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes promote cell proliferation, migration, and inhibit cell apoptosis via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in cutaneous wound healing. J. Cell. Biochem. 2019; 120(6): 10847-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28376
33. Xu J., Bai S., Cao Y., Liu L., Fang Y., Du J. et al. miRNA-221-3p in endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes accelerates skin wound healing in diabetic mice. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2020; 13: 1259-70. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S243549
34. Zhang J., Chen C., Hu B., Niu X., Liu X., Zhang G. et al. Exosomes derived from human endothelial progenitor cells accelerate cutaneous wound healing by promoting angiogenesis through erk1/2 signaling. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2016; 12(12): 1472-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.15514
35. Tao S.C., Guo S.C., Li M., Ke Q.F., Guo Y.P., Zhang C.Q. Chitosan wound dressings incorporating exosomes derived from MicroRNA-126-overexpressing synovium mesenchymal stem cells provide sustained release of exosomes and heal full-thickness skin defects in a diabetic rat model. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 2017; 6(3): 736-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2016-0275
36. Sahin F., Kocak P., Gunes M.Y., Ozkan I., Yildirim E., Kala E.Y. In vitro wound healing activity of wheat-derived nanovesicles. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2019; 188(2): 381-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-018-2913-1
37. Zhang B., Shi Y., Gong A., Pan Z., Shi H., Yang H. et al. HucMSC exosome-delivered 14-3-3ζ orchestrates self-control of the Wnt response via modulation of YAP during cutaneous regeneration. Stem Cells. 2016; 34(10): 2485-500. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2432
38. Cheng Y., Zeng Q., Han Q., Xia W. Effect of pH, temperature and freezing-thawing on quantity changes and cellular uptake of exosomes. Protein Cell. 2019; 10(4): 295-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-018-0529-4
39. Yuan R., Dai X., Li Y., Li C., Liu L. Exosomes from miR-29a-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce excessive scar formation by inhibiting TGF-β2/Smad3 signaling. Mol. Med. Rep. 2021; 24(5): 758. https://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12398
40. Kim S.R., Zou X., Tang H., Puranik A.S., Abumoawad A.M., Zhu X.Y. et al. Increased cellular senescence in the murine and human stenotic kidney: effect of mesenchymal stem cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2021; 236(2): 1332-44. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29940
41. McReynolds M.R., Chellappa K., Chiles E., Jankowski C., Shen Y., Chen L. et al. NAD(+) flux is maintained in aged mice despite lower tissue concentrations. Cell. Syst. 2021; 12(12): 1160-72.e4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2021.09.001
42. Li L., Zhang Y., Mu J., Chen J., Zhang C., Cao H. et al. Transplantation of human mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes immobilized in an adhesive hydrogel for effective treatment of spinal cord injury. Nano Lett. 2020; 20(6): 4298-305. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00929
43. Li Y., Xiao Q., Tang J., Xiong L., Li L. Extracellular vesicles: emerging therapeutics in cutaneous lesions. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2021; 16: 6183-202. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S322356
44. Li Y., Zhang J., Shi J., Liu K., Wang X., Jia Y. et al. Exosomes derived from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hypertrophic scar fibrosis by miR-192-5p/IL-17RA/Smad axis. Stem Cell. Res. Ther. 2021; 12(1): 221. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02290-0
45. Lee J.H., Yoon J.Y., Lee J.H., Lee H.H., Knowles J.C., Kim H.W. Emerging biogenesis technologies of extracellular vesicles for tissue regenerative therapeutics. J. Tissue Eng. 2021; 12: 204173142110190. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314211019015
46. Savcı Y., Kırbaş O.K., Bozkurt B.T., Abdik E.A., Taşlı P.N., Şahin F. et al. Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing. Food Funct. 2021; 12(11): 5144-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02953j
47. Manconi M., Manca M.L., Marongiu F., Caddeo C., Castangia I., Petretto G.L. et al. Chemical characterization of Citrus limon var. pompia and incorporation in phospholipid vesicles for skin delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2016; 506(1-2): 449-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.014
48. Zeng L., Wang H., Shi W., Chen L., Chen T., Chen G. et al. Aloe derived nanovesicle as a functional carrier for indocyanine green encapsulation and phototherapy. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1): 439. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-01195-7
49. Kim M., Park J.H. Isolation of Aloe saponaria – derived extracellular vesicles and investigation of their potential for chronic wound healing. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(9): 1905. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091905
50. Leggio L., Arrabito G., Ferrara V., Vivarelli S., Paternò G., Marchetti B. et al. Mastering the tools: Natural versus artificial vesicles in nanomedicine. Adv. Healthc. Mat. 2020; 9(18): e2000731. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000731
51. Dad H.A., Gu T.W., Zhu A.Q., Huang L.Q., Peng L.H. Plant exosome-like nanovesicles: Emerging therapeutics and drug delivery nanoplatforms. Mol. Ther. 2021; 29(1): 13-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.030
52. Yari H., Mikhailova M.V., Mardasi M., Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin M., Shahrokh S., Thangavelu L. et al. Emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-derived exosome in neurodegeneration-associated conditions: a groundbreaking cell-free approach. Stem Cell. Res. Ther. 2022; 13(1): 423. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-03122-5
53. Zhang K., Yu L., Li F. R., Li X., Wang Z., Zou X. et al. Topical application of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in combination with sponge spicules for treatment of photoaging. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15, 2859-72. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S249751
54. Shang H., Younas A., Zhang N. Recent advances on transdermal delivery systems for the treatment of arthritic injuries: From classical treatment to nanomedicines. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2022; 14(3): e1778. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1778
55. Cao L., Tian T., Huang Y., Tao S., Zhu X., Yang M. et al. Neural progenitor cell-derived nanovesicles promote hair follicle growth via miR-100. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1): 20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00757-5
56. Dan X., Li S., Chen H., Xue P., Liu B., Ju Y. et al. Tailoring biomaterials for skin anti-aging. Mater. Today Bio. 2024; 28: 101210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101210
57. Han X., Wu P., Li L., Sahal H.M., Ji C., Zhang J. et al. Exosomes derived from autologous dermal fibroblasts promote diabetic cutaneous wound healing through the Akt/β-catenin pathway. Cell. Cycle. 2021; 20(5-6): 616-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2021.1894813
58. Shin K.O., Ha D.H., Kim J.O., Crumrine D.A., Meyer J.M., Wakefield J.S. et al. Exosomes from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote epidermal barrier repair by inducing de Novo synthesis of ceramides in atopic dermatitis. Cells. 2020; 9(3): 680. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030680
59. Shiekh P.A., Singh A., Kumar A. Exosome laden oxygen releasing antioxidant and antibacterial cryogel wound dressing OxOBand alleviate diabetic and infectious wound healing. Biomaterials. 2020; 249: 120020. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120020
60. Wang C., Wang M., Xu T., Zhang X., Lin C., Gao W. et al. Engineering bioactive self-healing antibacterial exosomes hydrogel for promoting chronic diabetic wound healing and complete skin regeneration. Theranostics. 2019; 9(1): 65-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.29766
61. Riau A.K., Ong H.S., Yam G.H.F., Mehta J.S. Sustained delivery system for stem cell-derived exosomes. Front. Pharmacol. 2019; 10: 1368. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01368
62. Wang M., Wang C., Chen M., Xi Y., Cheng W., Mao C. et al. Efficient angiogenesis-based diabetic wound healing/skin reconstruction through bioactive antibacterial adhesive ultraviolet shielding nanodressing with exosome release. ACS Nano. 2019; 13(9): 10279-93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03656
63. Mehryab F., Rabbani S., Shahhosseini S., Shekari F., Fatahi Y., Baharvand H. et al. Exosomes as a next-generation drug delivery system: an update on drug loading approaches, characterization, and clinical application challenges. Acta Biomater. 2020; 113: 42-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.036
64. Jing H., He X., Zheng J. Exosomes and regenerative medicine: state of the art and perspectives. Transl. Res. 2018; 196: 1-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.005
65. Hade M.D., Suire C.N., Suo Z. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: applications in regenerative medicine. Cells. 2021; 10(8): 1959. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081959
66. Yang G., Chen G., Gu Z. Transdermal drug delivery for hair regrowth. Mol. Pharm. 2021; 18(2): 483-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00041
67. Gimona M., Pachler K., Laner-Plamberger S., Schallmoser K., Rohde E. Manufacturing of human extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics for clinical use. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(6): 1190. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061190
68. Cha J.M., Shin E.K., Sung J.H., Moon G.J., Kim E.H., Cho Y.H. et al. Efficient scalable production of therapeutic microvesicles derived from human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci. Rep. 2018; 8(1): 1171. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19211-6
69. Cao J., Wang B., Tang T., Lv L., Ding Z., Li Z. et al. Three-dimensional culture of MSCs produces exosomes with improved yield and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Stem Cell. Res. Ther. 2020; 11(1): 206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01719-2
70. Chen T.S., Arslan F., Yin Y., Tan S.S., Lai R.C., Choo A.B. et al. Enabling a robust scalable manufacturing process for therapeutic exosomes through oncogenic immortalization of human ESC-derived MSCs. J. Transl. Med. 2011; 9: 47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-47
71. Lener T., Gimona M., Aigner L., Borger V., Buzas E., Camussi G. et al. Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials – an ISEV position paper. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2015; 4: 30087. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.30087
72. Zhang Y., Bi J., Huang J., Tang Y., Du S., Li P. Exosome: a review of its classification, isolation techniques, storage, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15, 6917-34. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S264498
73. Kalluri R., LeBleu V.S. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science. 2020; 367(6478): eaau6977. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6977
74. Livshits M.A., Khomyakova E., Evtushenko E.G., Lazarev V.N., Kulemin N.A., Semina S.E. et al. Isolation of exosomes by differential centrifugation: theoretical analysis of a commonly used protocol. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 17319. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep17319
75. Domenis R., Zanutel R., Caponnetto F., Toffoletto B., Cifu A., Pistis C. et al. Characterization of the proinflammatory profile of synovial fluid-derived exosomes of patients with osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm. 2017; 2017: 4814987. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4814987
76. He F., Liu H., Guo X., Yin B.C., Ye B.C. Direct exosome quantification via bivalent-cholesterol-labeled DNA anchor for signal amplification. Anal. Chem. 2017; 89(23): 12968-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03919
77. Yang J.S., Lee J.C., Byeon S.K., Rha K.H., Moon M.H. Size dependent lipidomic analysis of urinary exosomes from patients with prostate cancer by flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2017; 89(4): 2488-96. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04634
78. Willms E., Cabanas C., Mager I., Wood M. J.A., Vader P. Extracellular vesicle heterogeneity: subpopulations, isolation techniques, and diverse functions in cancer progression. Front. Immunol. 2018; 9: 738. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00738
79. Yang X.X., Sun C., Wang L., Guo X.L. New insight into isolation, identification techniques and medical applications of exosomes. J. Control. Release. 2019; 308: 119-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.021
80. Alzhrani G.N., Alanazi S.T., Alsharif S.Y., Albalawi A.M., Alsharif A.A., Abdel-Maksoud M.S. et al. Exosomes: isolation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Cell Biol. Int. 2021; 45(9): 1807-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11620
81. Chen Y., Zhu Q., Cheng L., Wang Y., Li M., Yang Q. et al. Exosome detection via the ultrafast-isolation system: EXODUS. Nat. Methods. 2021; 18(2): 212-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-01034-x
82. Reiner A.T., Witwer K.W., van Balkom B.W.M., de Beer J., Brodie C., Corteling R.L. et al. Concise review: developing best-practice models for the therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles. Stem Cells Transl. Med. 2017; 6(8), 1730-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sctm.17-0055
83. Ha D.H., Kim H.K., Lee J., Kwon H.H., Park G.H., Yang S.H. et al. Mesenchymal stem / stromal cell-derived exosomes for immunomodulatory therapeutics and skin regeneration. Cells. 2020; 9(5): 1157. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051157
84. Ha D.H., Kim S.D., Lee J., Kwon H.H., Park G.H., Yang S.H. et al. Toxicological evaluation of exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2020; 115: 104686. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104686
85. Yi Y.W., Lee J.H., Kim S.-Y., Pack C.-G., Ha D.H., Park S.R. et al. Advances in analysis of biodistribution of exosomes by molecular imaging. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020; 21(2): 665. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020665
86. Potter M., Lins B., Mietzsch M., Heilbronn R., Van Vliet K., Chipman P. et al. A simplified purification protocol for recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 2014; 1: 14034. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mtm.2014.34
87. Haraszti R.A., Miller R., Stoppato M., Sere Y.Y., Coles A., Didiot M.C. et al. Exosomes produced from 3D cultures of MSCs by tangential flow filtration show higher yield and improved activity. Mol. Ther. 2018; 26(12): 2838-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.09.015
88. Lee J.H., Ha D.H., Go H.K., Youn J., Kim H.K., Jin R.C. et al. Reproducible large-scale isolation of exosomes from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their application in acute kidney injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020; 21(13): 4774. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134774
89. Busatto S., Vilanilam G., Ticer T., Lin W.L., Dickson D.W., Shapiro S. et al. Tangential flow filtration for highly efficient concentration of extracellular vesicles from large volumes of fluid. Cells. 2018; 7(12): 273. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells7120273

Received 16.01.2026

Accepted 10.02.2026