About
The Journal "Obstetrics and Gynecology"Journal HistoryAims and ScopePolicies on Conflict of Interest, Human and Animal Rights, and Informed ConsentEditorial ProcessData sharing statementAdvertising PolicyThe Process for Handling Cases Requiring Corrections, Retractions, and Editorial Expressions of ConcernEditorial BoardEditorial CounsilInformation for ProfessionalsNewsContacts
ArchiveEthical StandardsSubscription
For authors
InstructionsInformed consent policyContract offerEASE GuidelinesICJME CriteriaWAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications
Reviewing
Procedure for reviewingReviewers 2023-2024
ISSN 0300-9092 (Print)
ISSN 2412-5679 (Online)
About
The Journal "Obstetrics and Gynecology"Journal HistoryAims and ScopePolicies on Conflict of Interest, Human and Animal Rights, and Informed ConsentEditorial ProcessData sharing statementAdvertising PolicyThe Process for Handling Cases Requiring Corrections, Retractions, and Editorial Expressions of ConcernEditorial BoardEditorial CounsilInformation for ProfessionalsNewsContacts
ArchiveEthical StandardsSubscription
For authors
InstructionsInformed consent policyContract offerEASE GuidelinesICJME CriteriaWAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications
Reviewing
Procedure for reviewingReviewers 2023-2024
Logout
Obstetrics and Gynegology2026№5

Micronutrient deficiency in young women with menstrual dysfunction and the effectiveness of its correction

DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2026.151

Mingareeva K.N., Khannanova G.R.

Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Russia

Rationale. Micronutrient deficiencies (magnesium, zinc, selenium, folate) are believed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of menstrual dysfunction in young women. Regional nutritional and environmental factors can cause unique micronutrient deficiency patterns, which requires the conduction of local epidemiological studies.
Objective. To study the relationship between micronutrient status and menstrual dysfunction, and to present preliminary data on laboratory and clinical parameters change during a three-month intake of a combined nutraceutical complex in patients with identified deficiency.
Materials and methods. 372 female patients aged 21.8 to 24.2 (with mean age of 23.1 years) were enrolled in the study. During the first stage of the study we assessed micronutrient status (Mg, Zn, Se, B9), dietary patterns, and menstrual irregularities. At the second stage patients with identified deficiencies got treatment with Pregnoton (L-arginine, Vitex agnus-castus, vitamins, zinc, magnesium, iodine, and selenium) for 3 months.
Results. The following micronutrient deficiencies were detected: zinc in 193/372 (51.9%), folates (including probable deficiency) in 205/372 (55.1%), magnesium in 137/372 (36.8%), and selenium in 89/372 (23.9%) women. Following three-month correction, magnesium levels normalized in 127/137 (92.7%) patients, zinc in 182/193 (94.3%), selenium in 87/89 (97.8%), and folates in 205/205 (100%). Normalization of prolactin levels was achieved in 83/88 (94.3%) patients with initial hyperprolactinemia. Complete restoration of menstrual function (normalization of bleeding regularity, duration, and volume) was achieved in 218/267 (81.6%) patients. The incidence of PMS decreased from 32.0% (119/372) to 9.1% (34/372).
Conclusion. Young women from the Republic of Bashkortostan (n=372), which comprised the study group, showed a high incidence of zinc, folate, magnesium, and selenium deficiencies associated with menstrual dysfunction and unhealthy eating behavior. A three-month course of a combined nutraceutical complex turned out to be effective for the correction of the certain deficiencies and restoring menstrual function. These findings should be considered preliminary as they require confirmation in subsequent studies.

Authors’ contributions. Mingareeva K.N., Khannanova G.R. – study concept and design, data collection and processing, manuscript writing and editing.
Conflicts of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the publication of this article.
Funding. No external funding was received.
Ethical Approval. The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Protocol No. 1 as of January 21, 2026). 
Use of generative artificial intelligence. While working on the manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT tool for proofreading, spelling, and grammar checks. After using the tool, the authors analyzed and edited the text on their own, and bear full responsibility for the content of the publication.
Patient Consent for Publication. All study participants signed written informed consent for the publication of their data.
Authors' Data Sharing Statement. The datasets used and/or analyzed during this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
For citation: Mingareeva K.N., Khannanova G.R. Micronutrient deficiency in 
young women with menstrual dysfunction and the effectiveness of its correction.
Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2026; (5): 174-183 (in Russian)
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2026.151

Keywords

reproductive health
nutrient deficiency
dysmenorrhea
premenstrual syndrome
menstrual cycle
correction of micronutrient deficiency
restoration of menstrual function
regional characteristics
Full text (in Russian)

References

  1. Gaskins A.J., Chavarro J.E. Diet and fertility: a review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017; 218(4): 379-89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010
  2. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. Микронутриенты и репродуктивное здоровье. Руководство. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2022. 134 с. [Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Micronutrients and reproductive health. Guidelines. 2nd ed., rev. and exp. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2022. 134 p. (in Russian)].
  3. Voros C., Athanasiou D., Papapanagiotou I., Mavrogianni D., Varthaliti A., Bananis K. et al. Cracking the code of oocyte quality: the oxidative stress Link to IVF success. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025; 26(13): 6377. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136377
  4. Селихова М.С., Смолянинов А.А., Калачева Л.С. Репродуктивное здоровье женщины и дефицит магния. Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. 2019; 4(72): 3-8. [Selikhova M.S., Smolyaninov A.A., Kalacheva L.S. Women's reproductive health and magnesium deficiency. Bulletin of the Volgograd State University. 2019; 4(72): 3-8 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2019-4(72)-3-8
  5. Макацария А.Д., Бицадзе В.О., Солопова А.Г., Громова О.А., Корабельников Д.И., Блинов Д.В., Хизроева Д.Х., Макацария Н.А., Третьякова М.В., Акавова С.А., Ампилогова Д.М. Дефицит магния у женщин и его контроль: обзор современных представлений. Акушерство, гинекология и репродукция. 2024; 18(2): 218-30. [Makatsariya A.D., Bitsadze V.O., Solopova A.G., Gromova O.A., Korabelnikov D.I., Blinov D.V., Khizroeva J.Kh., Makatsariya N.A., Tretyakova M.V., Akavova S.A., Ampilogova D.M. Female magnesium deficiency and its management: review of current knowledge. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2024; 18(2): 218-30 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.512
  6. Никитина Е.А., Орлова С.В., Батышева Т.Т., Балашова Н.В., Алексеева М.В., Волкова Л.Ю., Водолазкая А.Н., Прокопенко Е.В. Фетальное программирование как тренд современной медицины: в фокусе дефицит магния. Медицинский алфавит. 2023; (29): 8-14. [Nikitina Е.А., Orlova S.V., Batysheva Т.Т., Balashova N.V., Alekseeva М.V., Volkova L.Yu., Vodolazkaya A.N., Prokopenko E.V. Fetal programming as a trend in modern medicine: Magnesium deficiency is the focus. Medical alphabet. 2023; 29: 8-14 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2023-29-8-14
  7. Maier J.A.M., Locatelli L., Fedele G., Cazzaniga A., Mazur A. Magnesium and the brain: a focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022; 24(1): 223. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010223
  8. Fritzen R., Davies A., Veenhuizen M., Campbell M., Pitt S.J., Ajjan R.A. et al. Magnesium deficiency and cardiometabolic disease. Nutrients. 2023; 15(10): 2355. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15102355
  9. Зенько Л.И. Значение гипомагниемии в акушерской практике. Евразийский союз ученых. Серия: медицинские, биологические и химические науки. 2023; 11(112): 26-8. [Zenko L.I. The importance of hypomagnesemia in obstetric practice. The Eurasian Union of Scientists. Series: medical, biological and chemical sciences. 2023; 11(112): 26-8 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2023.4.112.1925
  10. Fallah A., Mohammad-Hasani A., Colagar A.H. Zinc is an essential element for male fertility: a review of Zn roles in men's health, germination, sperm quality, and fertilization. J. Reprod. Infertil. 2018; 19(2): 69-81.
  11. Fukunaka A., Fujitani Y. Role of zinc homeostasis in the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19(2): 476. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020476
  12. Rios-Lugo M.J., Madrigal-Arellano C., Gaytán-Hernández D., Hernández-Mendoza H., Romero-Guzmán E.T. Association of serum zinc levels in overweight and obesity. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2020; 198(1): 51-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02060-8
  13. Severo J.S., Morais J.B.S., Beserra J.B., Dos Santos L.R., de Sousa Melo S.R., de Sousa G.S. et al. Role of zinc in zinc-α2-glycoprotein metabolism in obesity: a review of literature. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2020; 193(1): 81-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01702-w
  14. Nasiadek M., Stragierowicz J., Klimczak M., Kilanowicz A. The Role of zinc in selected female reproductive system disorders. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8): 2464. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082464
  15. Haider S., Sajjad M., Zahid M. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the role of zinc supplementation in ameliorating physical and psychological manifestations of premenstrual syndrome in young females. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2025; 312: 114082. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114082
  16. Hsu T.J., Hsieh R.ang C.H., Chen C.S., Lin W.Y., Huang Y.C. et al. Efficacy of zinc supplementation in the management of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2024; 16(23): 4116. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16234116
  17. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Тетруашвили Н.К., Баранов И.И., Городнова Е.А., Коденцова В.М., Коган И.Ю., Тапильская Н.И., Ярмолинская М.И., Башмакова Н.В., Мозговая Е.В., Гришина Т.Р., Лапочкина Н.П., Галустян А.Н. О перспективах использования витаминов и минералов в профилактике ранних потерь беременности. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021; 4: 12-22. [Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Tetruashvili N.K., Baranov I.I., Gorodnova E.A., Kodentsova V.M., Kogan I.Yu., Tapilskaya N.I., Yarmolinskaya M.I., Bashmakova N.V., Mozgovaya E.V., Grishina T.R., Lapochkina N.P., Galustyan A.N. On the prospects of using vitamins and minerals in the prevention of early pregnancy losses. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021; (4): 12-22 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2021.4.12-22
  18. Kyriakou S.I., Tsarna E., Stachika N., Dalla C., Potiris A., Stavros S. et al. The impact of selenium exposure during pregnancy on risk for miscarriage: a systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026; 27(2): 968. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020968
  19. Wróblewski M., Wróblewska W., Sobiesiak M. The role of selected elements in oxidative stress protection: key to healthy fertility and reproduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024; 25(17): 9409. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179409
  20. Ali M.A., Hafez H.A., Kamel M.A., Ghamry H.I., Shukry M., Farag M.A. Dietary vitamin B complex: orchestration in human nutrition throughout life with sex differences. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19): 3940. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193940
  21. Mishra J., Tomar A., Puri M., Jain A., Saraswathy K.N. Trends of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in different trimesters of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2020; 32(5): e23388. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23388
  22. Xu X., Zhang Z., Lin Y., Xie H. Risk of excess maternal folic acid supplementation in offspring. Nutrients. 2024; 16(5): 755. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16050755
  23. Ferrazzi E., Tiso G., Di Martino D. Folic acid versus 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate supplementation in pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2020; 253: 312-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.06.012
  24. Miraglia N., Dehay E. Folate supplementation in fertility and pregnancy: the advantages of (6S)5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2022; 28(4): 12-7.
  25. Vinaykumar N., Kumar A., Quadros L.S., Prasanna L.C. Determining the effect of folate diets during pregnancy and lactation on neurobehavioural changes in the adult life of offspring. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2019; 14(6): 523-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.09.009
  26. Dai C., Fei Y., Li J., Shi Y., Yang X. A novel review of homocysteine and pregnancy complications. BioMed Res. Int. 2021; 2021: 6652231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6652231
  27. Thaçi S., Krasniqi B., Dërmaku-Sopjani M., Rifati-Nixha A., Abazi S., Sopjani M. Vasorelaxant effects of the vitex agnus-castus extract. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2022; 2022: 7708781. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7708781
  28. Адамов Г.В., Мельников Е.С., Лупанова И.А., Радимич А.И., Сайбель О.Л. Изучение химического состава и дофаминергической активности плодов Витекса священного (Vitex agnus-castus L.). Разработка и регистрация лекарственных средств. 2020; 9(3): 143-9. [Adamov G.V., Melnikov E.S., Lupanova I.A., Radimich A.I., Saybel O.L. Investigation of the chemical composition and dopaminergic activity of the Vitex agnus-castus fruits. Drug development & registration. 2020; 9(3): 143-9 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2020-9-3-143-149
  29. Fazli F., Khanlarzadeh E., Pilehvari S. The impact of L-arginine on uterine artery resistance and pregnancy outcomes in frozen embryo transfer for IVF candidates with recurrent implantation failure: a clinical trial. J. Reprod. Infertil. 2025; 26(1): 19-27. https://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jri.v26i1.18778
  30. Banerjee O., Singh S., Bose A., Kundu S., Banerjee M., Ray D. et al. Therapeutic potential of L-arginine in a rat model of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 2025; 19(2): 81-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/eeb.19.08
  31. Genazzani A.D., Battipaglia C., Foschi M., Semprini E., Aio C., Spelta E. et al. Improved insulin sensitivity and reproductive profile in overweight/obese PCOS patients undergoing integrative treatment with carnitines, L-arginine, L-cysteine and myo-inositol. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2025; 41(1): 2458710. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2025.2458710
  32. Беспалова О.Н., Жернакова Т.С., Шенгелия М.О., Загайнова В.А., Пачулия О.В., Коган И.Ю. Микронутриентный статус женщин с нарушением репродуктивной функции в Северо-Западном регионе Российской Федерации. Акушерство и гинекология. 2022; 10: 93-102. [Bespalova O.N., Zhernakova T.S., Shengelia M.О., Zagaynova V.A., Pachulia O.V., Kogan I.Yu. Micronutrient status of women with impaired reproductive function in the Northwestern region of Russia. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022; (10): 93-102 (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2022.10.93-102
  33. Коденцова В.М., Вржесинская О.А., Рисник Д.В., Никитюк Д.Б., Тутельян В.А. Обеспеченность населения России микронутриентами и возможности ее коррекции. Состояние проблемы. Вопросы питания. 2017; 86(4): 113-24. [Kodentsova V.M., Vrzhesinskaya O.A., Risnik D.V., Nikityuk D.B., Tutelyan V.A. Micronutrient status of population of the Russian Federation and possibility of its correction. State of the problem. Problems of Nutrition. 2017; 86(4): 113-24 (in Russian)].

Received 05.05.2026

Accepted 27.05.2026

About the Authors

Karina N. Mingareeva, PhD, Associate Professor at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 2, Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 450008, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Lenin str., 3, +7(917)37-15-999, mkn1805@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-2614
Gulnaz R. Khannanova, 6th year student of the Faculty of General Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 450008, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Lenin str., 3, +7(987)628-22-21, https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1108-4350
Corresponding author: Karina N. Mingareeva, mkn1805@mail.ru

Similar Articles

№2 / 2022
Shchegolev A.I., Tumanova U.N., Chausov A.A., Shuvalova M.P.
Comparative analysis of stillbirth causes and rates in the Russian Federation in 2019 and 2020
№11 / 2025
Malushko A.V., Fatkullina I.B., Shchedrina I.D., Alekseev S.M., Silakova V.R.
Effectiveness of vaginal metroplasty for treating cesarean scar defect: a comparative analysis of techniques
№12 / 2024
Kriuchkova O.M., Istomina N.G., Baranov A.N.
Clinical characteristics of dysmenorrhea and its association with lifestyle factors in adolescent girls
№4 / 2021
Shkarin V.V., Saperkin N.V., Venediktova A.A., Kaplina A.A.
Impact of individual opportunistic and sexually transmitted infections on demographic processes. Complex comorbidity
№1 / 2026
Tyutyunnik V.L., Desyatkova N.V., Kan N.E., Soldatova E.E.
World experience in the use of assisted reproductive technologies in recipients of solid organs
By continuing to use our site, you consent to the processing of cookies that ensure the proper functioning of the site.