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The Journal "Obstetrics and Gynecology"Journal HistoryAims and ScopePolicies on Conflict of Interest, Human and Animal Rights, and Informed ConsentEditorial ProcessData sharing statementAdvertising PolicyThe Process for Handling Cases Requiring Corrections, Retractions, and Editorial Expressions of ConcernEditorial BoardEditorial CounsilInformation for ProfessionalsNewsContacts
ArchiveEthical StandardsSubscription
For authors
InstructionsInformed consent policyContract offerEASE GuidelinesICJME CriteriaWAME Recommendations on ChatGPT and Chatbots in Relation to Scholarly Publications
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Obstetrics and Gynegology2026№3

Long-term cancer risks after cervical precancer treatment

DOI
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2025.318

Klinyshkova T.V.

Omsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Omsk, Russia

The treatment of women for cervical precancerous condition, namely cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), is accompanied by the risk of its recurrence during excision treatment and the development of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) after total hysterectomy. The recurrence of CIN2+ after excision treatment occurs in 5.2–17.6% of cases, and the risk of cervical cancer is increased by 3 times. Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence is one of the leading predictors of CIN2+ recurrence along with the presence of a positive resection margin.
The article presents the analysis of the current data on the risk of VaIN after hysterectomy for CIN. The incidence of VaIN following hysterectomy for CIN2+ is between 2.6% and 9.6%. Among women who undergo hysterectomy for CIN3, the risk of developing high-grade VaIN is 8 times higher than for those undergoing hysterectomy for other benign conditions. It has been shown that patients who have a previous history of CIN are more likely to develop VaIN and vaginal carcinoma after hysterectomy compared to patients without a history of CIN. The study presents the results of HPV genotyping in VaIN and correlation with CIN. The most common genotype in VaIN is HPV type 16, which is found in 2/3 of cases (36.4–51.8%). There are several different HPV genotypes present in 1/3 of cases. The combination of VaIN and CIN reaches 44.2%. The combination of vaginal and high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), and the similarity of viral composition indicate a potential link between cervical and vaginal squamous cell abnormalities. The article presents recommendations of the international consensus on VaIN management.
Conclusion: Surgical treatment of cervical precancerous lesions carries risks for developing cancer in the cervix and vagina. High-risk HPV persistence is associated with an increased risk of CIN2+ recurrence following excision treatment and VaIN2+ following total hysterectomy for CIN3. This explains the need for subsequent cervical and/or vaginal cytology screening, regardless of the extent of treatment, as well as a high-risk HPV test in order to detect these conditions promptly.

Conflicts of interest: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.
Funding: The study was carried out without sponsorship.
For citation: Klinyshkova T.V. Long-term cancer risks after cervical precancer treatment. 
Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2026; (3): 52-57 (in Russian)
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2025.318

Keywords

CIN
conization
recurrence
vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
VaIN
hysterectomy
HPV
Full text (in Russian)

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Received 05.11.2025

Accepted 03.03.2026

About the Authors

Tatyana V. Klinyshkova, Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, Professor at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 1, Omsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health
of Russia, 644099, Russia, Omsk, Lenina str., 12, +7(3812)23-02-93, +7(913)617-44-25, klin_tatyana@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0544-8184

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