Risk and benefits of menopausal hormonal therapy

1. Gambacciani M., Cagnacci A., Lello S. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of chronic conditions. Climacteric. 2019; 22(3): 303-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1551347.
2. Rossouw J.E., Anderson G.L., Prentice R.L., LaCroix A.Z., Kooperberg C., Stefanick M.L. et al.; Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy menopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002; 288(3): 321-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321.
3. Manson J.E., Chlebowski R.T., Stefanick M.L., Aragaki A.K., Rossouw J.E., Prentice R.L. et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of theWomen’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013; 310(13): 1353-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278040.
4. Lagro-Janssen A., Knufing M.W., Schreurs L., van Weel C. Significant fall in hormo ne replacement therapy prescription in general practice. Fam. Pract. 2010; 27(4): 424-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmq018.
5. Karim R., Dell R.M., Greene D.F., Mack W.J., Gallagher J.C., Hodis H.N. Hip fracture in postmenopausal women after cessation of hormone therapy: results from a prospective study in a large health management organization. Menopause. 2011; 18(11): 1172-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31821b01c7.
6. Менопаузальная гормонотерапия и сохранение здоровья женщин в зрелом возрасте. Клинические рекомендации (протокол лечения). Письмо Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 2 октября 2015 г. № 15-4/10/2-5804. [Menopauzal’naya gormonoterapiya i sokhranenie zdorov’ya zhenshchin v zrelom vozraste. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii (protokol lecheniya). Pis’mo Ministerstva zdravookhraneniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 2 Oktober 2015. N 15-4/10/2-5804. (in Russian)]
7. Menopause: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG23] Published date: November 2015 Last updated: December 2019.
8. Baber R.J., Panay N., Fenton A.; IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016; 19(2): 109-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166.
9. The NAMS 2017 Hormone Therapy Position Statement Advisory Panel. The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017; 24(7): 728-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000921.
10. Mohammed K., Abu Dabrh A.M., Benkhadra K., Al Nofal A., Carranza Leon B.G., Prokop L.J. et al. Oral vs transdermal estrogen therapy and vascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015; 100(11): 4012-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2237.
11. Boardman H.M., Hartley L., Eisinga A., Main C., Roqué i Figuls M., Bonfill Cosp X. et al. Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; (3): CD002229. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4.
12. Canonico M., Oger E., Plu-Bureau G., Conard J., Meyer G., Lévesque H. et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation. 2007; 115(7): 840-5.
13. Renoux C., Dell’Aniello S., Suissa S. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: population-based study. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2010; 8(5): 979-86. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03839.x.
14. Sweetland S., Beral V., Balkwill A., Liu B., Benson V.S., Canonico M. et al.; The Million Women Study Collaborators. Venous thromboembolism risk in relation to use of different types of postmenopausal hormone therapy in a large prospective study. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2012; 10(11): 2277-86.https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04919.x.
15. Roach R.E., Lijfering W.M., Helmerhorst F.M., Cannegieter S.C., Rosendaal F.R., van Hylckama Vlieg A. The risk of venous thrombosis in women over 50 years old using oral contraception or postmenopausal hormone therapy. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2013; 11(1): 124-31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.12060.
16. Vinogradova Y., Coupland C., Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2019; 364: k4810.https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4810.
17. Schindler A.E., Campagnoli C., Druckmann R., Huber J., Pasqualini J.R., Schweppe K.W., Thijssen J.H. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas. 2008; 61(1-2): 171-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.013.
18. Canonico M., Fournier A., Carcaillon L., Olié V., Plu-Bureau G., Oger E. et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: results from the E3N cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2010; 30(2): 340-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.196022.
19. Кузнецов М.Р., Папышева О.В. Менопаузальная гормональная терапия и сосудистые события: какова взаимосвязь? Доктор.Ру. 2018; 10: 51-5. [Kuznetsov M.R., Papysheva O.V. Menopausal hormone therapy and vascular events: what is their relationship? Doctor.Ru. 2018; (10): 51-5. (in Russian)]
20. Dinger J., Bardenheuer K., Heinemann K. Drospirenone plus estradiol and the risk of serious cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2016; 19(4): 349-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2016.1183624.
21. Marjoribanks J., Farquhar C., Roberts H., Lethaby A., Lee J. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017; (1): CD004143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5.
22. Straczek C., Oger E., Yon de Jonage-Canonico M.B., Plu-Bureau G., Conard J., Meyer G. et al. Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation. 2005; 112(22): 3495-500. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.565556.
23. Roach R.E., Lijfering W.M., van Hylckama Vlieg A., Helmerhorst F.M., Rosendaal F.R., Cannegieter S.C. The risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with a history of superficial vein thrombosis and acquired venous thrombotic risk factors. Blood. 2013; 122(26): 4264-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-07-518159.
24. Hodis H.N., Sarrel P.M. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the evidence from randomized trials? Climacteric. 2018; 21(6): 521-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1514008.
25. Anderson G.L., Chlebowski R.T., Aragaki A.K., Kuller L.H., Manson J.E., Gass M. et al. Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13(5): 476-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70075-X.
26. Manson J.E., Aragaki A.K., Rossouw J.E., Anderson G.L., Prentice R.L., LaCroix A.Z. et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials. JAMA. 2017; 318(10): 927-38. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.11217.
27. Chlebowski R.T., Anderson G.L., Gass M., Lane D.S., Aragaki A.K., Kuller L.H. et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010; 304(15): 1684-92.https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1500.
28. Mikkola T.S., Savolainen-Peltonen H., Tuomikoski P., Hoti F., Vattulainen P., Gissler M., Ylikorkala O. Reduced risk of breast cancer mortality in women using postmenopausal hormone therapy: a Finnish nationwide comparative study. Menopause. 2016; 23(11): 1199-203. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000698.
29. Chlebowski R.T., Mortimer J.E., Crandall C.J., Pan K., Manson J.E., Nelson R. Persistent vasomotor symptoms and breast cancer in the Women’s Health Initiative. Menopause. 2018; 26(6): 578-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001283.
30. Franco O.H., Muka T., Colpani V., Kunutsor S., Chowdhury S., Chowdhury R., Kavousi M. Vasomotor symptoms in women and cardiovascular risk markers: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2015; 81(3):353-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.04.016.
31. Mehta L.S., Watson K.E., Barac A., Beckie T.M., Bittner V., Cruz-Flores S. et al. Cardiovascular disease and breast cancer: where these entities intersect: A scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; 137(8): e30-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000556.
32. Iyengar N.M., Arthur R., Manson J.E., Chlebowski R.T., Kroenke C.H., Peterson L. et al. Association of body fat and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial and observational study. JAMA Oncol. 2019; 5(2): 155-63.https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5327.
33. Iyengar N.M., Brown K.A., Zhou X.K., Gucalp A., Subbaramaiah K., Giri D.D. et al. Metabolic obesity, adipose inflammation and elevated breast aromatase in women with normal body mass index. Cancer Prev. Res.(Phila). 2017; 10(4): 235-43. https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0314.
34. Gallagher E.J., LeRoith D. The proliferating role of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cancer. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2010; 21(10): 610-8.https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0314.
35. Rubin R. Postmenopausal women with a «normal» BMI might be overweight or even obese. JAMA. 2018; 319(12): 1185-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0423.
36. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2019; 394(10204): 1159-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X.
37. Hardefeldt P.J., Penninkilampi R., Edirimanne S., Eslick G.D. Physical activity and weight loss reduce the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 139 prospective and retrospective studies. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2018; 18(4): e601-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2017.10.010.
38. Chlebowski R.T., Luo J., Anderson G.L., Barrington W., Reding K., Simon M.S. et al. Weight loss and breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. Cancer. 2019; 125(2): 205-12. ttps://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31687.
39. Avis N.E., Crawford S.L., Greendale G., Bromberger J.T., Everson-Rose S.A., Gold E.B. et al.; the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern. Med. 2015; 175(4): 531-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063.
40. Gass M.L., Maki P.M., Shifren J.L., Schnatz P.F., Kaunitz A.M., Shapiro M., Sievert L.L. NAMS supports judicious use of systemic hormone therapy for women aged 65 years and older. Menopause. 2015; 22(7): 685-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000491.
41. Chen G.C., Arthur R., Iyengar N.M., Kamensky V., Xue X., Wassertheil-Smoller S. et al. Association between regional body fat and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40(34): 2849-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz391.
42. Sun Y., Liu B., Snetselaar L.G., Wallace R.B., Caan B.J., Rohan T.E. et al. Association of normal-weight central obesity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among postmenopausal women. JAMA Netw. Open. 2019; 2: e197337. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7337.
43. Papadakis G.E., Hans D., Gonzalez Rodriguez E., Vollenweider P., Waeber G., Marques-Vidal P., Lamy O. Menopausal hormone therapy is associated with reduced total and visceral adiposity: The OsteoLaus Cohort. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018; 103(5): 1948-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02449.
44. Wright A.K., Kontopantelis E., Emsley R., Buchan I., Mamas M.A., Sattar N. et al. Cardiovascular risk and risk factor management in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019; 139(24): 2742-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039100.
45. Slopien R., Wender-Ozegowska E., Rogowicz-Frontczak A., Meczekalski B., Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz D., Jaremek J.D. et al. Menopause and diabetes: EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas. 2018; 117: 6-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.08.009.
46. Sitruk-Ware R., El-Etr M. Progesterone and related progestins: potential new health benefits. Climactric. 2013; 16(Suppl. 1): 69-78. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2013.802556.
47. Elger W., Beier S., Pollow K., Garfield R., Shi S.Q., Hillisch A. Conception and pharmacodynamic profile of drospirenone. Steroids. 2003; 68(10-13): 891-905. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.008.
48. Joseph J.J., Echouffo Tcheugui J.B., Effoe V.S., Hsueh W.A., Allison M.A., Golden S.H. Renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: MESA. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019; 7(17): e009890. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009890.
49. Gambacciani M., Rosano G., Cappagli B., Pepe A., Vitale C., Genazzani A.R. Clinical and metabolic effects of drospirenone–estradiol in menopausal women: a prospective study. Climacteric. 2011; 14(1): 18-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2010.520099.
50. Caprio M., Antelmi A., Chetrite G., Muscat A., Mammi C., Marzolla V. et al.Antiadipogenic effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist drospirenone: potential implications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology. 2011; 152(1): 113-25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0674.
51. De Franciscis P., Mainini G., Labriola D., Leo S., Santangelo F., Luisi A. et al. Low-dose estrogen and drospirenone combination: effects on metabolism and endothelial function in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 40(2): 233-5.
52. Caprio M., Zennaro M.C., Fève B., Mammi C., Fabbri A., Rosano G. Potential role of progestogens in the control of adipose tissue and salt sensitivity via interaction with mineralocorticoid receptor. Climacteric. 2008; 11(3): 258-64. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130802162608.
53. Rizzo M.R., Leo S., De Franciscis P., Colacurci N., Paolisso G. Short-term effects of low-dose estrogen/drospirenone vs low-dose estrogen/dydrogesterone on glycemic fluctuations in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Age (Dordr). 2014; 36(1): 265-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9554-7.
54. Porto L.A., Lora K.J., Soares J.C., Costa L.O. Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for breast cancer. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2011; 284(5): 1271-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-011-1837-6.
55. Tsujimoto N., Kajio H., Sugiyama T. Association between hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of cancer death in nonobese and obese people: A population‐based observational study. Int. J. Cancer. 2017; 141(1): 102-11.https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30729.
56. Miller V.M., Mankad R. Sex steroids and incident cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. New perspective on an old controversy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018; 71(22): 2567-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.084.
57. Zhao D., Guallar E., Ouyang P., Subramanya V., Vaidya D., Ndumele C.E. et al. Endogenous sex hormones and incident cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018; 71(22): 2555-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.083.
58. Georgiopoulos G.A., Lambrinoudaki I., Athanasouli F., Armeni E., Rizos D., Kazani M. et al. Free androgen index as a predictor of blood pressure progression and accelerated vascular aging in menopause. Atherosclerosis. 2016; 247: 177-83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.021.
59. Lambrinoudaki I., Georgiopoulos G.A., Athanasouli F., Armeni E., Rizos D., Augoulea A. et al. Free androgen index as a determinant of arterial stiffness in menopause: a mediation analysis. Menopause. 2017; 24(6): 635-44. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000822.
60. Hodis H.N., Mack W.J. Cardiovascular risk after withdrawal of hormone therapy. Menopause. 2018; 25(4): 365-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001076.
61. Mikkola T.S., Tuomikoski P., Lyytinen H., Korhonen P., Hoti F., Vattulainen P. et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality risk in women discontinuing postmenopausal hormone therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015; 100(12): 4588-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1864.
62. Watts N.B., Cauley J.A., Jackson R.D., LaCroix A.Z., Lewis C.E., Manson J.E. et al. No increase in fractures after stopping hormone therapy: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017; 102(1): 302-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3270.
63. Barnes J.N., Harvey R.E., Eisenmann N.A., Miller K.B., Johnson M.C., Kruse S.M. et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity after cessation of menopausal hormone treatment. Climacteric. 2019; 22(2): 182-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1538340.
64. Stuenkel C.A., Davis S.R., Gompel A., Lumsden M.A., Murad M.H., Pinkerton J.V., Santen R.J. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015; 100(11): 3975-4011. https://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2236.

Received 05.02.2020

Accepted 07.02.2020