Non-invasive methods for preoperative diagnosis of the status of regional lymphatic collecting vessels in breast cancer

1. Urban J.A. Surgical Excision of Internal Mammary Nodes for Breast Cancer. Br J Surg. 1964, 51: 209–12. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800510311
2. Krag D.N., Weaver D.L., Alex J.C., Fairbank J.T. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol. 1993; 2(6): 335–9; discussion 340. doi: 10.1016/0960-7404(93)90064-6
3. Goetz M.P., Gradishar W.J., Anderson B.O., Abraham J., Aft RAllison K.H., Blair S.L., Burstein H.J., Dang C., Elias A.D., Farrar W.B., Giordano S.H., Goldstein L.J., Isakoff S.J., Lyons J., Marcom P.K., Mayer I.A., Moran M..S., Mortimer J., O’Regan R.M., Patel S.A., Pierce L.J., Reed E.C., Rugo H.S., Sitapati A., Smith K.L., Smith M.L., Soliman H., Telli M.L., Ward J.H., Young J.S., Shead D.A., Kumar R. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Breast Cancer, Version 3.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019; 17(2): 118–26. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0009.
4. Fernandez-Gonzalez S., Falo C., Pla M.J., Pernas S., Bajen M., Soler T., Ortega R., Quetglas C., Perez-Martin X., Fernandez Montoli M.E., et al. The Shift From Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Performed Either Before or After Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy in the Clinical Negative Nodes of Breast Cancer Patients. Results, and the Advantages and Disadvantages of Both Procedures. Clin Breast Cancer. 2018; 18(1): 71–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lbc.2017.08.014
5. Giuliano A.E., McCall L., Beitsch P., Whitworth P.W., Blumencranz P., Leitch A.M., Saha S., Hunt K.K., Morrow M., Ballman K. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2010; 252(3): 426–32; discussion 432-423. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181f08f32.
6. Galimberti V., Cole B.F., Viale G., Veronesi P., Vicini E., Intra M., Mazzarol G., Massarut S., Zgajnar J., Taffurelli M., et al. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with breast cancer and sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): 10-year follow-up of a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018; 19(10): 1385–93.
7. Galimberti V., Cole B.F., Zurrida S., Viale G., Luini A., Veronesi P., Baratella P., Chifu C., Sargenti M., Intra M., et al. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(4): 297–305. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70035-4.
8. Bilimoria K.Y., Bentrem D.J., Hansen N.M., Bethke K.P., Rademaker A.W., Ko C.Y., Winchester D.P., Winchester D.J. Comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy alone and completion axillary lymph node dissection for node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(18): 2946–53. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.5750
9. Purushotham A.D., Upponi S., Klevesath M.B., Bobrow L., Millar K., Myles J.P., Duffy S.W. Morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23(19): 4312–21. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.228
10. Родионов В.В., Кометова В.В., Сенча А.Н., Корнев А.И., Бикеев Ю.В., Гайлиш Ю.П., Хияева В.А., Родионова М.В. Биопсия сигнальных лимфоузлов у больных раком молочной железы: собственный опыт. Акушерство и гинекология. 2018; 12: 111–6. [Rodionov V.V., Kometova V.V., Sencha A.N., Kornev A.I., Bikeev Yu.V., Gailish Yu.P., Hiaeva V.A., Rodionova M.V. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer: the authors’ own experience. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018; (12): 111–16. (in Russian)]. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2018.12.111-11612.
11. Mortellaro V.E., Marshall J., Singer L., Hochwald S.N., Chang M., Copeland E.M., Grobmyer S.R. Magnetic resonance imaging for axillary staging in patients with breast cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009; 30(2): 309–12. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21802.
12. Fusco R., Sansone M., Granata V., Di Bonito M., Avino F., Catalano O., Botti G., Petrillo A. Use of Quantitative Morphological and Functional Features for Assessment of Axillary Lymph Node in Breast Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018: 2610801. doi: 10.1155/2018/2610801
13. Zhou P., Wei Y., Chen G., Guo L., Yan D., Wang Y. Axillary lymph node metastasis detection by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2018; 9(8): 989–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.12774
14. Zada A., Peek M.C., Ahmed M., Anninga B., Baker R., Kusakabe M., Sekino M., Klaase J.M., Ten Haken B., Douek M. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer using the magnetic technique. Br J Surg. 2016; 103(11): 1409–19. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10283.
15. Lee H.W., Kim S.H. Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Internal Mammary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer. 2016; 19(2): 191–8. doi: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.2.191
16. Hyun S.J., Kim E.K., Moon H.J., Yoon J.H., Kim M.J. Preoperative axillary lymph node evaluation in breast cancer patients by breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Can breast MRI exclude advanced nodal disease? Eur Radiol. 2016; 26(11): 3865–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4235-4
17. Krammer J., Wasser K., Schnitzer A., Henzler T., Schoenberg S.O., Kaiser C.G. Axillary lymph node characterization in breast cancer patients using magnetic resonance mammography: a prospective comparative study with FDG PET-CT and healthy women. Eur J Radiol. 2013; 82(12): 2194–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.08.010
18. Harnan S.E., Cooper K.L., Meng Y., Ward S.E., Fitzgerald P., Papaioannou D, Ingram C., Lorenz E., Wilkinson I.D., Wyld L. Magnetic resonance for assessment of axillary lymph node status in early breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011; 37(11): 928–36. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2011.07.007
19. Cooper K.L., Meng Y., Harnan S., Ward S.E., Fitzgerald P., Papaioannou D., Wyld L., Ingram C., Wilkinson I.D., Lorenz E. Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of axillary lymph node metastases in early breast cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2011; 15(4):iii-iv, 1-134. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta15040
20. Westenend P.J., Storm R., Kock M., Kitzen J., Plaisier P., Menke-Pluijmers M. The role of ultrasonography of the axilla and fine-needle aspiration cytology in breast cancer patients in the era of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and axillary radiation; prevention of futile sentinel node procedures revisited. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018; 44(1): 192–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.11.017
21. Gilissen F., Oostenbroek R, Storm R., Westenend P., Plaisier P. Prevention of futile sentinel node procedures in breast cancer: ultrasonography of the axilla and fine-needle aspiration cytology are obligatory. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008; 34(5): 497–500. PMID: 17845836
22. Krishnamurthy S., Sneige N., Bedi D.G., Edieken B.S., Fornage B.D., Kuerer H.M., Singletary S.E., Hunt K.K. Role of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of indeterminate and suspicious axillary lymph nodes in the initial staging of breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2002; 95(5): 982–88. doi: 10.1002/cncr.10786
23. Deurloo E.E., Tanis P.J., Gilhuijs K.G., Muller S.H., Kroger R., Peterse J.L., Rutgers E.J., Valdes Olmos R., Schultze Kool L.J. Reduction in the number of sentinel lymph node procedures by preoperative ultrasonography of the axilla in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39(8): 1068–73. doi: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00748-7
24. Holwitt D.M., Swatske M.E., Gillanders W.E., Monsees B.S., Gao F, Aft R.L., Eberlein T.J., Margenthaler J.A. Scientific Presentation Award: The combination of axillary ultrasound and ultrasound-guided biopsy is an accurate predictor of axillary stage in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. Am J Surg. 2008; 196(4): 477–82. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.06.006.
25. Rocha R.D., Girardi A.R., Pinto R.R., de Freitas V.A. Axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in preoperative staging of axillary lymph nodes in patients with invasive breast cancer. Radiol Bras. 2015; 48(6): 345–52. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2014.0121.
26. Jung J., Park H., Park J., Kim H. Accuracy of preoperative ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology for axillary staging in breast cancer. ANZ J Surg. 2010; 80(4): 271–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2009.05090.x.

Received 19.06.2019

Accepted 21.06.2019